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القسم الثاني

تاريخ الشرق الأوسط


Middle Eastern History


1- ما هي الإسهامات المقدمة للزراعة في العصر الذهبي؟
1-What are the contributions to agriculture made in the golden age?
The Abbasids preserved and improved the ancient network of wells ,underground canals ,and water wells, introduced new breeds of livestock, hastened the spread of cotton , and from the Chinese learned the art of making paper , a key to the revival of learning in Europe in the Middle Age.


2- ما هي النقاط التي أكدت عليها(أو تركز عليها) الآيات في القرآن الكريم؟
2- what are the points on which the verses of the Quran stress?
*The belief in the unity of God.
* warn those who deny it of impending punishment .
* proclaim His unbounded compassion to those who submit to His will.
* they affirm the last Judgment ,when God ,the Judge ,will weigh in the balance the faith and works of each man, rewarding the faithful and punishing.

3-ما هي الفائدة التي جناها النبي محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم عندما عاش مع عائلات بدوية؟
3-what are the benefits which Muhammad gained while living with the Bedouin families?
In addition to enduring the hardships of desert life , he acquired a taste for the rich language so loved by the Arabs , whose speech was their proudest art , and learned the patience and forbearance of the herdsmen , whose life of solitude he first shared and then came to understand and appreciate.


4- ما هي إنجازات العباسيين على الصعيد التجاري؟
4- what are the achievements of the Abbasid's in the field of trade?
Because Islamic rule unified much of the Eastern world , thus abolishing many boundaries , trade was freer , safer and more extensive than it had been since the time of Alexander the Great .
Muslim traders , consequently , established trading posts as far away as India , the Philippines ,Maya ,the east Indies, and the China.


5-ما هي الحاجات الدينية و العلمية التي كانت وراء أولى كتابات النثر العربية؟
5-what is the religious and practical needs behind earliest Arabic prose?
above all the need to fully understand the Islamic revelation and the circumstances of the first Muslim community in the Hijaz.
The sayings and actions of the prophets and his companions were collected and preserved , at first by memory and then by writing , to be finally collected and arranged by such men as Al-Bukhari and Muslim in the 9 century.


6-لماذا يعتبر طه حسين أعظم شخصية في الأدب العربي الحديث؟
6- why is Taha husayn considered the greatest figure in modern Arabic literature?
*Because of blind from an early age.
*he wrote movingly of his life and beloved Egypt in his autobiography .
*he was graduate of both al-Azhar and the Sorbonne.
*his voluminous writings on Arabic literature contributed a new critique of this vast subject.


7-كيف وأين تلقى محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم الرسالة؟
7-where and how did Muhammad receive God's message?
He received the God's message in a cave on Mount Hira outside of Mecca.
One day as he sat in the cave , he heard a voice , later identified as that of the angel Gabriel , which ordered him to :
Recite: in the name of thy lord who created, Created man from a clot of blood


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