manoo
Hello
Q. 2 – c
Underdifferentiation
It is an item in the native language which is absent in the target language. For example, a person whose native language is Arabic tries to learn English and wants to talk about two people but s/he does not have the "dual" in English. So, s/he has underdifferentiation.

Q. 4 - 1
Imitation is a strategy used by children to imitate their parents actions and behavior to acquire language. We have two types of imitation. The surface structure imitation, which means to repeat the exact words. The second is deep structure imitation, which means that the child repeats the meaning. In this exact example, we see that the mother is keen on the surface-structure imitation while the child is repeating the deep-structure imitation.


Q. 4-2
The learner has used the strategy of avoidance. That is, s/he has avoided to use the lexical item 'road' because s/he did not find the right word, which is 'way'.


Q. 5
First of all you have to define Motivation…..

It is an inner drive or desire emotion; something inside the learner that pushes him/her to do something.

Then you can mention the types of motivation …..

Motivation can be classified into two types:
First, according to the sources. Second, according to social or cultural attitude.

Then you can define each one and give some examples …..

First, according to sources; where does motivation comes from?
We have two sources: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.

Again, you can define them …..

- Intrinsic means that the motivation comes from the inside of the learner.
E.g. the learner will motivate himself/herself that if s/he learn how to speak English, s/he will be able to…….. .

- Extrinsic means the motivation that comes from the outside. E.g. If you get this, I'll buy you a gift !!
So, you'll try to get that thing for the sake of the reward.
Of course the intrinsic is more superior to the extrinsic.

Then you can talk about motivation according to social or cultural motivation.
Again, this divides to two types: instrumental and integrative motivation.

- Instrumental motivation means to acquire a language as a means of gaining instrumental goals. E.g. you get a better job.
- Integrative motivation means that when the learner wish to integrate themselves within the culture of the language they are learning. E.g. The learner may go to abroad because of financial problems ( or other reason )

Also, we have to know that the integrative comes from inside and it is superior to the instrumental motivation.



Notes:
- Concerning the other questions, I couldn't remember the right answers. I had to read the lectures carefully. Unfortunately I didn't have time……… Hope from the ones who are sure about them will help you.
- You have to understand the course. I mean don not memorize all the points, I'm sure that you know this!!!??
- Of course you don't have to put hyphens ( -) in the exam. I've just put them to make it more clear.
- As we all know there are no perfect answers but I've tried to make them good ….
- Hope you and all the students, who didn't pass this course , to pass it with high marks.

 
c.r.real.madrid

 
1. Read each of the following statements carefully and then indicate whether it is true (T) or false (F): (20 points)


a. Anxiety is associated with the feeling of uneasiness, frustration fear, or worry a learner experiences in the classroom. ( )

b. The difference between audio and visual styles varies from one culture to another. ( )

c. Interlanguage refers to the language of the learner of a foreign language who has not mastered the target language. ( )

d. Code-switching is using an L1 word with L1 pronunciation while speaking in L2. ( )

e. According to Carl Roger, teachers can be real facilitators of learning by establishing an inter-personal relationship with the learners. ( )

f. Inhibitions are looked at as defense systems that learners place between themselves and others to facilitate L2 learning. ( )

g. People derive their self-esteem from the accumulation of knowledge and experience with themselves and with others. ( )

h. A learning style is a specific method of approaching a problem or a task, possible ways of solving a particular problem. ( )

i. Contrastive analysis is an improvement to error analysis. ( )

j. Circumlocution is creating a nonexisting L2 word based on a supposed rule of L1. ( )


2. In no more than four sentences, define (i.e. explain and give adequate example on) only TWO of the following linguistic terms: (20 points)

a. Error

b. Approximation

c. underdifferentiation



3. Study the utterances below focusing on elements of transfer, or overgeneralisation: (24 points)

a. I gave him the book I borrowed it from him last week.

b. They want to know which question are they going to answer first.

c. She is working in London since 2000.


4. Using what you have learned from this course, comment on the following dialogues: the first one is between a mother and her child while the second is between a native speaker of English and an English language learner: (10 points)

1.
Child: Nobody don't like me.
Mother: No, say "nobody likes me."
Child: Nobody don't like me.
(eight repetition of this dialogue)
Mother: No, now listen carefully: say "nobody likes me."
Child: Oh! Nobody don't likes me.

2.
Learner: I lost my road.
Native Speaker: You lost your road?
Learner: Uh, … I lost. I lost. I got lost.


5. There are different criteria for identifying various kinds of motivation in the context of L2 learning. Discuss the various ways of classifying motivations and provide adequate examples where possible. (26 points)


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د. أحمد حسن