مشرف موسوعة الأدب الانجليزي
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اشترك في: الاثنين ديسمبر 17, 2007 3:47 am
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مشاركات: 1898
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القسم: Literature, Film, and Theatre
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السنة: MA
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مكان: Britain
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What is translation?
Definition of translation
There have been many definitions for the term TRANSLATION, such as:
“Translating consists in producing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent into the message of the source language, first in meaning and secondly in style.”
Eugene A. Nida, 1975
“Translation is the general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target), whether the languages are in written or oral form.”
Richard W. Brislen, 1976
“Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language.”
Peter Newmark, 1988
“All acts of communication are acts of translation.”
John Biguenet and Rainer Schulte
However, translation has been referred to as a science, an art, a craft, or a skill. Nowadays, it is thought of translation as an INDEPENDENT discipline.
Aspects of Meaning
The essence of translation lies in the preservation of “meaning” across two different languages. There are three basic aspects to this “meaning”: a semantic aspect, a pragmatic aspect, and a textual aspect of meaning:
a. The semantic meaning consists of the relationship of the linguistic units or symbols to their referents in some possible world.
b. The pragmatic meaning relates to the correlation between linguistic units and the user(s) of these units in a given communicative situation.
c. The textual aspect of meaning which is to be kept equivalent in translation. Translation is a textual phenomenon. A text is a linkage of sentences into a larger unit. Various relations of co-textual reference take place in the process of text constitution, e.g., occurrence of pro-forms, substitutions, co-references, ellipses, anaphora, etc. It is these different ways of text constitution which accounts for the textual meaning that should be kept equivalent in translation.
Essential Abbreviations
The following abbreviations are essential for translation theory and practic:
SL = Source Language [i.e. the language that we are translating from; the first language]
TL = Target Language [i.e. the language that we are translating into; the second languaege]
ST = Source Text [i.e. the text that is written in the source language]
TT = Target Text [i.e. the text that is written in the target language]
Significant Terms
The following are significant terms which we shall be using throughout our work on translation. They will help explain important phenomena in translation:
Loss and gain: are two terms referring to losing or gaining features and specifies of SL text whether relating to language, culture, and style.
Untranslatable: is a term explaining the reality of the existence of SL elements that cannot be transferred into the TL text.
Cultural Gap: is a term that illustrates the absence of cultural equivalence in the TL text.
Translation Equivalence: is a term used by many writers to describe the nature and the extent of the relationships which exist between SL and TL texts or smaller linguistic units.
Translation Studies: is a term used to describe the “discipline which concerns itself with problems raised by the production and description of translations”.
Translation Theory: is a term used to refer to the entire discipline of TRANSLATION STUDIES.
It is I, Odusseus 
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[english][align=center]"We are the choices we have made."[/align][/english]
آخر تعديل بواسطة Odysseus في السبت ديسمبر 06, 2008 3:07 pm، تم التعديل مرتين في المجمل.
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